From the play 'Hamlet' written by William Shakespeare between 1599 and 1602
QUEEN GERTRUDE
Good Hamlet, cast thy nighted colour off,
And let thine eye look like a friend on Denmark.
Do not for ever with thy vailed lids
Seek for thy noble father in the dust:
Thou know'st 'tis common; all that lives must die,
Passing through nature to eternity.
My translation to modern English:
Good Hamlet, take your jacket off,
And let me see you be a friend to Denmark (the prince).
Do not spend your life with covered eyes
Seeking for your noble father in the ground.
You know it is normal; that everyone must die,
Passing through life to eternity.
It is clear that the syntax of language has changed a lot from written English around the year 1600 and modern English as it is now. An example of this from the play Hamlet is the line "all that lives must die", which I translated and changed the syntax to "that everyone must die". The syntax which slightly changed is "all that" now becoming "that all (everyone". This syntax may have changed diachronically to simplify language and make it easier to understand, seeing simplification was a major reason for language change.
The word 'lid' seems to have had a semantic shift, as the word "lids" in the original text has been translated to 'eyes'. This may potentially link to the original text meaning eyelids, but it could also have been a synonym for eyes in the 1600's and gone through a semantic shift, now having a very different meaning. Again, the potential semantic shift of meaning of the word 'lid' may have occurred diachronically to simplify language, making it easier for people to learn and easier for foreign countries to understand. This is an example of broadening as the word 'lid' is still refereed to as eyelids and the new meaning of lid has also been created.
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